ASSOCIAÇÕES CIENTÍFICAS - GEOLOGIA - CIÊNCIAS AFINS

American Crystallographic Association (ACA)
«The American Crystallographic Association (ACA) was founded in 1949 through a merger of the American Society for X-Ray and Electron Diffraction (ASXRED) and the Crystallographic Society of America (CSA). The objective of the ACA is to pramote interactions among scientists who study the structure of matter at atomic (or near atomic) resolution. These interactions will advance experimental and computational aspects of crystallography and diffraction. They will also promote the study of the arrangements of atoms and molecules in matter and the nature of the forces that both control and result from them.» EEUU - inglés
Sociedad Cubana de Geología
«Desde mediados de 1978 se comenzó a propagar la formación de una asociación científico-cultural que agrupase a todos los profesionales y técnicos de la esfera de la Geología, Geofísica y Minería, con vistas a contribuir al desarrollo de las Ciencias Geológicas, sus vínculos con otras ciencias y profesiones y promover la más rápida divulgación de sus experiencias, resultados y aplicaciones para beneficio colectivo de nuestro país...» Cuba
Everglades Geological Society
«The Everglades Geological Society is an organization which seeks to promote interest in and understanding of Geology and the Earth Sciences, and to provide a common organization for those individuals interested in geology and the related earth sciences.» EEUU - inglés
European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers
«The objectives of the Association are to promote the application of geosciences and related engineering subjects and to foster the communication, fellowship and co-operation between those working in, studying or being otherwise interested in these fields. The Association achieves its objectives through publications, conferences, workshops, education programmes and exhibitions.» Holanda
Association volcanologique européenne (Lave)
«Association européenne de langue française, LAVE a la volonté de favoriser les échanges scientifiques dans le domaine des sciences de la Terre, et de contribuer à la valorisation de la recherche volcanologique grâce à sa revue.» Europa Francia
Denver Region Exploration Geologists´Society (DREGS)
«The Denver Region Exploration Geologists' Society (DREGS) was founded in 1970 as a nonprofit organization that promotes scientific communication and interaction through a series of meetings, symposia, field trips and publications. With the creation of this website we are intending to expanded our communication capabilities to include the entire world. We are looking foward to hearing from our fellow exploration geologists around the world as well as other organizations such as ours.» EEUU - inglés
Geological Association of Canada (GAC)
«The Mission of the Geological Association of Canada is to facilitate the scientific well-being and professional development of its members, the learned discussion of geoscience in Canada, and the advancement, dissemination and wise use of geoscience in public, professional and academic life.» EEUU - inglés
Geological Society
«The Geological Society of London (1807) is instituted for the purpose of "investigating the Mineral structure of the Earth". This remit is discharged by: improving knowledge and understanding of the history, structure, constitution and dynamics of the Earth and its processes; promoting all forms of education, awareness and understanding of the Earth and their practical applications for the benefit of the public globally; and promoting professional excellence and ethical standards in the Earth Sciences for the public good.» Reino Unido
Geological Society of America
«The Geological Society of America is a broad, unifying scientific society: Fostering the human quest for understanding Earth, planets, and life. Catalyzing new scientific ways of thinking about natural systems. Applying geoscience knowledge and insight to human needs and aspirations and stewardship of the Earth.» EEUU - inglés
Geological Society of Australia
«The Geological Society of Australia was established in 1952 as a learned, non-profit organisation. The society's objectives are to promote, advance and support the earth sciences within the scientific and wider communities.» EEUU - inglés
Geological Society of Denmark
«The Geological Society of Denmark was founded in 1893 to promote interest in geology and to establish a forum for geologists and geologically interested.» Dinamarca
Geological Society of Malaysia
«The society was founded in 1967 with the aim of promoting the advancement of earth sciences in Malaysia and the Southeast Asian region. It has a membership of more than 600 earth scientists of worldwide distribution. This page will provide information about our Society, its Council and our scientific activities. We also organize technical talks, field trips and forums. Check out this page for the latest news and activities. The society publishes the Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia and a bimonthly newsletter. List of publications can be obtained in this page or you can check out the Bibliography and Index of publications of the society.» Malasia
Geological Society of Minnesota
«The Geological Society of Minnesota is a public-spirited, nonprofit organization that has been in operation since 1938. Our ongoing mission has been to promote public interest and supply educational support in the geological sciences. We do this by: sponsoring free lectures and labs at the Univeristy of Minnesota, conducting statewide and regional field trips, holding classroom presentations for schools, maintaining a media library, publishing relevant information for public distribution, and maintaining and expanding upon a series of geological markers located throughout the state.» EEUU - inglés
Geological Society of Washington (GWS)
«The Geological Society of Washington (GSW) was founded in 1893 to promote the increase and dissemination of geological knowledge. GSW provides a forum for geological interchange through a program of regularly scheduled formal talks, informal communications, opportunities to meet colleagues, field trips, and public service. Members represent a wide cross-section of the local geologic community including geoscientists from federal (U.S.Geological Survey, NASA, NSF, military, DOE, EPA) and state government, Congress, Carnegie Institution of Washington, local universities, museums, consulting firms, earth science educators, and others interested in the geological sciences.» EEUU - inglés
The Geochemical Society
«The Geochemical Society is a private nonprofit international scientific society founded to encourage the application of chemistry to the solution of geological and cosmological problems. Membership is international and diverse in background, encompassing such fields as organic geochemistry, high- and low-temperature geochemistry, petrology, meteoritics, fluid-rock interaction, and isotope geochemistry.» EEUU - inglés
European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG)
«Organic Geochemistry has been organized and recognized as a geoscience for about 40 years. It was built, in part, upon the nascent field of petroleum geochemistry, which held its first organized meeting in June of 1959 during the 5th World Petroleum Congress in New York City. This meeting "General Petroleum Geochemistry Symposium" was organized by Bart Nagy, Ed Baker, and Paul Witherspoon and held at Fordham University. A Gordon Research Conference "Origin of Petroleum", co-chaired by Harold Smith and Fred Rossini, followed in 1963 at Tilton School, New Hampshire. From 1964 to 1967, additional conferences in "Geochemistry" were held at the Tilton School.» Reino Unido
Association of American Geographers Geomorphology Specialty Group (GSG)
«The Geomorphology Specialty Group is a component of the Association of American Geographers. The purpose of this group is to foster better communication among those working in the geomorphic sciences, especially in geography.» EEUU - inglés
Associação Brasileira de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental
«A ABGE é uma entidade sem fins lucrativos que vem promovendo há mais de 31 anos o desenvolvimento da Geologia de Engenharia do país. Congregando cerca de 850 sócios e com núcleos regionais no Rio de Janeiro, Centro-Oeste e Minas Gerais, além de representações no Paraná, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, a ABGE conta com várias comissões técnicas e é filiada à IAEG - lnternational Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, relacionando-se com várias outras associações congêneres, nacionais e internacionais e com universidades e centros de pesquisa.» Brasil
Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica - SBGf
«A Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica - SBGf foi fundada em 30 de outubro de 1978, quando contava com 225 sócios. Inicialmente com o objetivo de congregar os geofísicos brasileiros, hoje a SBGf conta com 1300 sócios ativos, 66 dos quais são estrangeiros. A SBGf mantém a sua Revista Brasileira de Geofísica cujo objetivo é a publicação de trabalhos científicos e técnicos nesta ciência, particularmente nas áreas de Geofísica da Terra Sólida, Geofísica da Atmosfera, Geofísica Nuclear e Geofísica Aplicada, porém aceita trabalhos de Geodésia, Meteorologia, Oceanografia Física e outras áreas correlatas. Atualmente a Revista Brasileira de Geofísica encontra-se em seu décimo oitavo volume publicado.» Brasil
Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists
«The ASEG is a non-profit company founded in 1970. Its aims are; to promote the science of geophysics, and specifically exploration geophysics, throughout Australia to foster fellowship and co-operation between geophysicists, to encourage closer understanding and co-operation with other earth scientists, to assist in the design and teaching of courses in geophysics and to sponsor student sections where appropriate.» Australia
Bay Area Geophysical Society

«The Society of Exploration Geophysicists promotes the science of geophysics and the education of exploration geophysicists. The Society fosters the expert and ethical practice of geophysics in the exploration and development of natural resources, in characterizing the near-surface, and in mitigating earth hazards.» Australia
Denver Geophysical Society
«The Denver Geophysical Society is a nonprofit organization operated by its members to promote the science of geophysics, especially as it applies to exploration, and to promote fellowship and cooperation among those persons interested in geophysical problems.» EEUU - inglés
Potomac Geophysical Society
«The Potomac Geophysical Society (PGS) is the Washington D.C. area affiliate of both the American Geophysical Union and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.» EEUU - inglés
Asociacion Americana por el Avance de la Ciencia
«The American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Triple A-S" (AAAS), is the world's largest general scientific society, publisher of Science.» EEUU - inglés
The Drilling Engineering Association (DEA)
«The Drilling Engineering Association (DEA) was formed to advance the technology related to

drilling wells by providing a forum for: Presenting proposals for industry drilling-related projects sponsored by members of the Association for the benefit of both members and non-members. Exploring the different levels of interest from members in potential drilling related problems to aid in developing future industry sponsored projects. Acting as a liaison for DEA members with universities and other research groups.» Reino Unido
Asociacion Europea de Geoquimicos Organicos (EAOG)
«The European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG) was founded in 1983 and has its seat in The Hague. The organisation has strong European roots but boasts an international membership and pursues a global agenda. It seeks to promote organic geochemistry in its broadest sense by encouraging collaboration between its scientists and those from other disciplines.» Reino Unido
Asociacion Internacional de Geolimnologistas (IAL)
«Lake basins are dynamic systems with both response and records of environmental interactions: This is also the guiding theme of the International Association of Limnogeology. This group links those who realize that the study of lake basins , both modern and ancient, is a special young branch of the geosciences with a tremendous future for frontier research well into this century.» Reino Unido
Asociacion Internacional de Limnologia Teorica y Aplicada (SIL)
«The International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (Societas Internationalis Limnologiae, SIL) promotes and communicates new and emerging knowledge among limnologists to advance the understanding of inland aquatic ecosystems and their management.» Reino Unido
Asociacion Internacional de Sedimentologos
«The International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) was founded in 1952 with the goal to promote the study of sedimentology and the interchange of research, particularly where international cooperation is desirable. It counts over 2200 members coming from 97 countries.» Reino Unido
Sociedad Ambiental e Ingenieria Geofisica
«The mission of the Sociedad Ambiental e Ingenieria Geofisica is to promote the science of geophysics especially as it is applied to environmental and engineering problems, to foster common scientific interests of geophysicists and their colleagues in other related sciences and engineering, to maintain a high professional standing among its members and to promote fellowship and cooperation among persons interested in the science.» Reino Unido
Sociedad Americana de Limnologia y Oceanografia (ASLO)
«The purpose of ASLO is to foster a diverse, international scientific community that creates, integrates and communicates knowledge across the full spectrum of aquatic sciences, advances public awareness and education about aquatic resources and research, and promotes scientific stewardship of aquatic resources for the public interest. Its products and activities are directed toward these ends.» Reino Unido
Sociedad de Analistas Profesionales de Registros de Pozo
Reino Unido

Sociedad de Cientificos Independientes Profesionales de la Tierra (SIPES)
«The Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists (SIPES) is the only national organization designed exclusively for the independent or consulting professional earth scientist. Members include geologists, engineers, geophysicists, geochemists, and other earth scientists.» Reino Unido
ACHISINA - Asociación Chilena de Sismología e Ingeniería Antisísmica
Achisina promueve el intercambio de información científica y profesional en la investigación y práctica de la ingeniería sismorresistente. Constantemente realiza charlas, seminarios y jornadas de sismología e ingeniería antisísmica en Chile. Chile
Aberdeen Formation Evaluation Society
«AFES is actively involved in the promotion for the public benefit, education and knowledge in the scientific and technical aspects of formation evaluation.» Reino Unido

Aberdeen Geological Society
«Welcome to the "new look" Aberdeen Geological Society web site.» Reino Unido
Alaska Geological Society
Alaska
Albanian Geophysical Society
«The Albanian Geophysical Society (AGS) was founded in 1992, based on the existing section of the Society of Albanian Geologists, founded in 1989. The AGS name from 1992 to 1998 has been Association of Albanian Geophysicists (AGA).» Europa
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
« Founded in 1917 the American Association of Petroleum Geologists is currently the world's largest professional geological society. Learn about the Association, how it's organized, the programs it sponsors, benefits of membership, and services provided to members.» EEUU - inglés
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
«The purposes of this Association are to advance the science of geology, especially as it relates to petroleum, natural gas, other subsurface fluids, and mineral resources; to promote the technology of exploring for, finding, and producing these materials in an economically and environmentally sound manner; to foster the spirit of scientific research throughout its membership; to disseminate information relating to the geology and the associated technology of petroleum, natural gas, other subsurface fluids, and mineral resources; to inspire and maintain a high standard of professional conduct on the part of its members; to provide the public with means to recognize adequately trained and professionally responsible geologists; and to advance the professional well-being of its members.» EEUU - inglés
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
Since its founding in 1917, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists has been a pillar of the world-wide scientific community. The original purpose of AAPG, to foster scientific research, to advance the science of geology, to promote technology, and to inspire high professional conduct, still guides the Association today. EEUU - inglés
American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists
«The American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Inc. (AASP). AASP was established in 1967 by a group of 31 founding members to promote the science of palynology in academia and industry. Today AASP has a world-wide membership of about 500 and is run by an executive comprising an elected Board of Directors and subsidiary boards and committees. AASP welcomes new individuals as members who are interested in the science of palynology and institutional members who wish to receive our publications.» EEUU - inglés
American Ceramic Society
«ACerS, an international association that provides the latest technical, scientific and educational information to its Members and others in the ceramics and related materials field, structures its services, staff and capabilities to meet the needs of the ceramics community, related fields, and the general public.» EEUU - inglés
American Geophysical Union
«AGU is an international scientific society of 35,000+ members. Research includes the Earth, oceans, atmosphere, space, and planets.» EEUU - inglés
American Rock Mechanics Association
«The American Rock Mechanics Association is your sole direct link in the United States to the professionals, companies, firms, teachers, and students in the field of rock mechanics and rock engineering.» EEUU - inglés
Appalachian Geologic Society
«The Appalachian Geological Society is a non-profit organization, founded in 1931 , which provides a forum for the exchange of ideas and knowledge by geologists and petroleum professionals in the Appalachian oilfield area. We are an affiliate society of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) and the Eastern Region ? AAPG.» EEUU - inglés
Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología

«La AAS nació de la intensa actividad sedimentológica desarrollada en nuestro país en las últimas décadas y del impulso recibido luego de la exitosa concreción de las tres primeras Reuniones Argentinas de Sedimentología, llevadas a cabo entre 1986 y 1990, con más de 250 participantes nacionales y extranjeros en cada una de ellas. En aquellos tiempos surgió la idea de formar el ?Comité Argentino de Sedimentología? compuesto por S. Matheos, O. Limarino, F. Cañas y D.G. Poiré, quienes tenían la misión de sentar las bases para crear una asociación que agrupe a la gran cantidad de sedimentólogos que participaban activamente de esta especialidad de las ciencias geológicas.» Argentina
Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo
«Durante la década del 50, los estudios de suelos tuvieron en la Argentina una significativa intensificación merced a la creación de organismos nacionales y provinciales que, dotados de medios y personal técnico altamente capacitado, emprendieron importantes tareas destinadas al conocimiento científico de este recurso natural, el más importante del país.» Argentina-Malvinas

Asociación Venezolana de Sedimentólogos
«Sus objetivos fundamentales son los siguientes: Impulsar el estudio de la Sedimentología y divulgar los avances y conocimientos de esta disciplina geológica tanto entre sus miembros como en todo el país. Organizar eventos técnicos y científicos tales como congresos, coloquios, convenciones, simposios, jornadas, seminarios, cursos, mesas redondas, talleres, reuniones, charlas o ponencias magistrales con especialistas invitados, tanto nacionales como internacionales, y excursiones sedimentológicas que contribuyan a la actualización técnica de sus miembros.» Venezuela
Asociacíon Mexicana de Geofisicos de Exploración
«Promover el estudio de la ciencia de la Geofísica en lo general, y especialmente las ramas de esa ciencia que se dedican a la exploración e investigación de la Corteza Terrestre, para crear el interés científico y mantener un elevado nivel de conocimientos de todos sus miembros.» México

Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG)
«The Association for Women Geoscientists is an international organization devoted to enhancing the quality and level of participation of women in the geosciences and to introducing girls and young women to geoscience careers. Membership is open to all who support AWG's goals. Our members include professional women and men from industry, government, museums and academia, students from a cross-section of colleges and universities, retirees, and others interested in supporting our goals.» Internacional
Association of American State Geologists
«The Association of American State Geologists (AASG) is an organization of the chief executives of the state geological surveys in 50 states and Puerto Rico. The responsibilities of the various state surveys differ from state to state, depending upon the enabling legislation and the traditions under which the survey evolved. Almost all function as a basic information source for their state governments' executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Some have regulatory responsibilities for water, oil and gas, land reclamation, etc.» EEUU - inglés
Association of Earth Science Editors (AESE)
«The goals of the Association of Earth Science Editors: To strengthen the profession of earth science editing; to foster education, and to promote the exchange of ideas of general and specific problems of selection, editing, and publication of research manuscripts, journals, serials, periodicals, and maps pertaining to the earth sciences.» EEUU - inglés
Association of European Geological Societies
« The Association of European Geological Societies (AEGS) was founded in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia in October, 1987, following several years of preliminary discussion. It has been granted the status of an Affiliated Organisation of the International Union of Geological Societies (IUGS).» Europa
Association of Exploration Geophysicists
«The Association of Exploration Geophysicists is a registered non-profit organisation was founded in 1974. It is a society of individuals and institutions engaged in exploration for earth resources. AEG members are from various fields like higher education; industry; basic research; applied geosciences; governmental institutions; universities; Oil & Gas, Mineral and Groundwater organisations; private sector companies; etc. Starting with a modest beginning of 30 members in 1973, AEG presently has over 1378 members.» India
Associação Brasileira de Águas Subterrâneas - ABAS
«A ABAS - Associação Brasileira de águas Subterrâneas foi fundada oficialmente em 10 outubro de 1978. Em 19 de setembro do mesmo ano havia sido realizada a primeira assembléia preliminar de fundação da Associação, no auditório da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento - CETESB, em São Paulo.» Brasil
Australian Society of Expl Geophysicists
«The Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan (SEGJ) announces a Call for Papers for the 7th SEGJ International Symposium on Imaging Technology, which will be held at Aoba Memorial Hall, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan on November 24-26, 2004. The symposium will be co-sponsored by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG), European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE), the Korean Society of Exploration Geophysicists (KSEG), and the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS).» Australia
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Canadian Geotechnical Association
«The Canadian Geotechnical Society (CGS) is an independent, federally incorporated, non-profit learned society which exists to serve and promote the geotechnical and geoscience community in Canada. It encompasses a wide spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines within the geo field. Membership is open to individuals from all sectors including private consulting, universities, industry, contracting and public service .» Canadá

Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
EEUU - inglés
Canadian Well Logging Society
«The Undergraduate Awards. - Submission deadline Jan. 1, 2003 The Canadian Well Logging Society (CWLS) announces yearly undergraduate awards for engineering and earth sciences students in Canada. The purpose of these awards is to raise interest and awareness of careers in Petrophysics and Formation Evaluation. Formation Evaluation and Petrophysics are the studies of rocks and their fluid properties as they pertain to the oil and gas industry.» Canadá
Czech Academy of Sciences (Institute of Geology)
«Geological sciences have undergone a complicated history in the Academy of Sciences. After the foundation of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1952, the Central Geological Institute was incorporated in the Academy of Sciences. However, this situation lasted for a single year only. As early as in 1957 four specialized Geological Laboratories for paleontology, engineering geology, pedology and geochemistry were established. With growing tendency for higher complexity of scientific research two geologically orientated institutes were founded Institute of Geochemistry and Raw Materials (1960) and Geological Institute (1961), which were joined to form the Geological Institute in 1964. After multiple organizational and administrative changes in the period of 1968-1989, the Institute was re-established in 1990.» República Checa
Dansk Geologisk Forening, Geological Society of Denmark
«The Geological Society of Denmark was founded in 1893 to promote interest in geology and to establish a forum for geologists and geologically interested.» Dinamarca
Denver Well Logging Society (DWLS)
«The Denver Well Logging Society (DWLS) is the Denver, Colorado Chapter of the Society of Petrophysicists & Well Log Analysts (SPWLA). The SPWLA is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to the advancement of the science of petrophysics, or formation evaluation, through well logging and other formation evaluation techniques and to the application of these techniques to the exploration of gas, oil and other minerals. Founded in 1959, SPWLA provides information services to scientists in the petroleum and mineral industries, serves as a voice of shared interests in our profession, plays a major role in strengthening petrophysical education, and strives to increase awareness of the role petrophysics.» EEUU - inglés
Dutch Geological Society
«The Dutch Geological Society (NGV) founded in 1946 is a society of about 1750 amateur- and professional geologists and paleontologists. The purpose of the society is to create an interest in earthly sciences by organizing excursions to Dutch and foreign quarries, by lectures, films, get-together-days etc..The society has 14 branches throughout the Netherlands and all of these have their own program of activities. Its magazine ?Grondboor & Hamer? (Grounddrill and Hammer) is issued five times a year and is regarded as a platform for its members. You find scientific geological publications in it and the members can publish their recent discoveries and finds. Also discussion about new geological literature and video or cdrom presentations.» Holanda
European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers
«Information about the association.» Europa
European Geophysical Society
«The EGS is dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in the geosciences and space sciences for the benefit of humanity.» EEUU - inglés
Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies
«The Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies represents the views of the workers in Australian science. FASTS has a significant influence in the formulation of science and technology policy.» Australia
Geological Society of London
«The Society has over 9000 members and is the largest national geoscience society in Europe. There are several categories of membership, each appropriate to the various stages of a geoscientist's career from student to retirement. The Society exists to provide the working geoscientist with lifelong continuity, offering scientific and professional advice and support at all stages.» Reino Unido
Geological Society of Malaysia
«The society was founded in 1967 with the aim of promoting the advancement of earth sciences in Malaysia and the Southeast Asian region. It has a membership of more than 600 earth scientists of worldwide distribution. This page will provide information about our Society, its Council and our scientific activities.» Malasia

Geological Society of Trinidad & Tobago
«THE Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago is a professional and technical organization for geologists, other scientists, managers, other personnel engaged in the fields of exploration, drilling and production of hydrocarbons, and for earth scientists operating outside of the petroleum sector, e.g. those active in the academic sphere, volcanology, seismology, earthquake engineering, environmental geology geological engineering and the exploration and development of non-petroleum mineral resources.» Caribe
Geologists' Association
«A Charitable organization serving the interests of both amateur and professional geologists throughout the breadth of the United Kingdom since 1858, the Geologists' Association has consistently promoted the study of geology and helped geologists to widen and deepen their knowledge.The GA provides a wealth of information and support, through a great variety of excellent publications, lectures and field meetings. These range from refereed papers, high level scientific presentations and specialist field trips to childrens' activities and practical field guidance.Assisting and supporting geologists in bringing their chosen field to life, the GA seeks to confirm the importance of geology in environmental fields, giving guidance on the protection and management of geological sites.» Reino Unido
Geomorphology Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers
«The Geomorphology Specialty Group is a component of the Assn. of American Geographers. The purpose of this group is to foster better communication among those working in the geomorphic sciences, especially in geography.» EEUU - inglés
Indonesian Association of Geologists
«The new portal of IAGI-net. IAGI-net is an internet community of IAGI (Indonesian Association of Geologists). IAGI is a not-to-profit organization dedicated to developed the professional geologists in Indonesia.»
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans
«The International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) is one of seven Associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) which, in turn, is one of the Unions of the International Council for Science (ICSU). IAPSO participates in ICSU's Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR).» EEUU - inglés
International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG)
«International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG) is a scientific, non-governmental and non-profit organisation, whose principal objectives are development and promotion of geomorphology as a science through international co-operation and dissemination of knowledge of geomorphology. The IAG was founded at the Second International Conference on Geomorphology in Frankfurt/Main (Germany) in 1989 in order to strengthen international geomorphology. IAG fulfils its aims through the establishment of working groups and task forces, organisation of conferences, publication activity and information exchange. Membership of the IAG is normally by countries. At present, 58 countries are affiliated to the IAG through their National Scientific Members. The activity of the IAG is steered by its Executive Committee.» Internacional
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
«Founded in 1961, the IUGS is one of the world's largest and most active non-governmental scientific organizations.The Union promotes and supports the study of geological problems of world-wide significance, and facilitates international and interdisciplinary cooperation in the earth sciences. A prominent member of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the IUGS has more than 110 national members.» Internacional
London Petrophysical Society
«The LPS was founded in 1973 as a Chapter of the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, the London Petrophysical Society was granted charitable status in 1989 (registered charity number 1020083). It has the defined role of promoting the science of petrophysics through industry and academia, as well as serving other interested parties. With membership comprised of those in the geoscience and engineering communities involved primarily in the oil and gas industry, the LPS offers a full schedule of technical briefings, seminars, conferences and a bi-monthly magazine. Based in Piccadilly, London, the Society provides an active forum for the dissemination of petrophysical information and professional opportunities.» Reino Unido
Mineralogical Association of Canada
«Mineralogy is the science that deals with minerals, their structure and chemistry, the processes and environment of their formation. This science is closely integrated with crystallography, petrology, geochemistry and mineral deposits. In keeping with this, the Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) was formed in 1955 as a non-profit scientific organization to promote and advance the knowledge of mineralogy and the allied disciplines of crystallography, petrology, geochemistry and mineral deposits. Through its annual meetings, short courses, publications and sponsored symposia, the Association provides a forum for the presentation and dissemination of current knowledge and advances to world-wide community of earth scientists. Ever since its inception, MAC has given special attention to mineral deposits geology, particularly in organizing symposia, short courses and publishing special volumes and short-course notes on the subject.» Canadá
Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
«The Society, instituted in 1876, has the general object of advancing the knowledge of the science of mineralogy and its application to other subjects including crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, environmental science and economic geology.» Reino Unido
National Mining Association
«The National Mining Association (NMA) is the voice of the American mining industry in Washington, D.C. NMA is the only national trade organization that represents the interests of mining before Congress, the Administration, federal agencies, the judiciary and the media.» EEUU - inglés
New Zealand Geophysical Society
«The New Zealand Geophysical Society, founded in 1980, is incorporated in New Zealand under the Incorporated Societies Act 1908. It is Constituent Organization of the Royal Society of New Zealand.» Nueva Zelanda
Northwest Geological Society
«The Northwest Geological Society (NWGS), based in Seattle, Washington, is a regional association of roughly 250 professionals, students, retirees, and other persons interested in the field of geology.» EEUU - inglés
Norwegian Formation Evaluation Society.
«The purpose of the Norwegian Formation Evaluation Society Fund (NFES Fund) is to stimulate work within formation evaluation and to honor candidates for their enhanced contribution to Formation Evaluation in Norway.» Noruega
Norwegian Petroleum Society - Norsk Petroleumforening (NPF)
«Norsk Petroleumsforeing er en medlemsorganisasjon for norsk petroleumsvirksomhet og ønsker å være en vesentlig bidragsyter til at bransjen forblir blant annet verdens ledende næringsmiljø.» Noruega
Pan-American Aerobiology Association
«The Pan-American Aerobiology Association (PAAA) is an assemblage of individuals with diverse scientific backgrounds and expertise who have a common interest in the sources, dispersal, and deposition of airborne biological particles.» EEUU - inglés
Petroleum Exploration Society Australia
«The Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia (PESA) is a national organisation representing the interests of all professionals and practitioners in the upstream petroleum industry.» Australia
Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain
«The objective of the Society is to promote , for the public benefit, education in the scientific and technical aspects of petroleum exploration. This is achieved by variety of means.» Reino Unido
Quaternary Research Association
«The QRA is an organisation comprising archaeologists, botanists, civil engineers, geographers, geologists, soil scientists, zoologists and others interested in research into the problems of the Quaternary.» Reino Unido
SPE. Sociedade Portuguesa de Espeleologia
«A SPE é o ponto de encontro dos que se interessam pelo estudo das grutas. Promove e ensina a exploração técnica, a divulgação conscienciosa, a conservação do património e a investigação científica do meio espeleológico» Portugal
Seismological Society of America
«The SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (SSA) is a scientific society devoted to the advancement of earthquake science. Founded in 1906 in San Francisco, the Society now has members throughout the world representing a variety of technical interests: seismologists and other geophysicists, geologists, engineers, insurers, and policy-makers in preparedness and safety.» EEUU - inglés
Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI)
This International Association promotes scientific study of problems related to earthquakes and other seismic sources, and the Earth's internal structure, properties, and processes. Internacional
Slovenian Geological Society
«Slovensko geolosko drustvo je strokovno zdruzenje slovenskih geologov. Drustvo je bilo ustanovljeno leta 1951 in povezuje raziskovalce, ucitelje, druge poklicne geologe in ljubitelje stroke. Cilj drustva je napredek znanosti in prakse na podrocju vseh vej geologije. Drustvo prireja javna predavanja, strokovne ekskurzije, razstave in znanstvene sestanke. Izdaja informativni casopis Obvestila SGD. Skupaj z Institutom za geologijo, geotehniko in geofiziko (IGGG) izdaja znanstveno in strokovno revijo Geologija. Skrbi za popularizacijo geologije in za vkljucevanje geoloskih ved v osnovnosolske in srednjesolske ucne programe. Sodeluje pri prizadevanjih za varstvo okolja in pri izdelavi zakonskih aktov in normativov s podrocja geologije. SGD sodeluje z drugimi strokovnimi drustvi v Sloveniji in tujini in je vkljuceno v mednarodne organizacije (Mednarodno zdruzenje za geoloske znanosti (IUGS), Zveza evropskih geoloskih drustev (AEGS)).»
Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology
«SCWIST's mission is to promote and empower women in science and technology. SCWIST is a non-profit voluntary association, established in 1981.»
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME)
«The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) is an international society of professionals in the minerals industry. The SME membership is more than 13,000 strong, with members in nearly 100 countries.» EEUU - inglés
Society for Sedimentary Geology
«SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) is an international not-for-profit Society based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Through its network of international members, the Society is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, environmental sciences, marine geology, hydrogeology, and many additional related specialties.» EEUU - inglés
Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
«SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) is an international not-for-profit Society based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Through its network of international members, the Society is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, environmental sciences, marine geology, hydrogeology, and many additional related specialties.»

Society of Economic Geologists
«The Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., (SEG) is an international organization of individual members with interests in the field of economic geology. The Society's membership includes representatives from industry, academia, and government institutions. Annual meetings, publications, field conferences, and short courses ensure an active communication of economic geology-related concepts within the membership and with the economic geology profession at large. An individual may apply for membership as Fellow, Member or Student Member.» Internacional
Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
«The Society of Exploration Geophysicists promotes the science of geophysics and the education of exploration geophysicists. The Society fosters the expert and ethical practice of geophysics in the exploration and development of natural resources, in characterizing the near-surface, and in mitigating earth hazards.» EEUU - inglés
Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists (SIPES)
«The Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists (SIPES) is the only national organization designed exclusively for the independent or consulting professional earth scientist. Members include geologists, engineers, geophysicists, geochemists, and other earth scientists.»

Society of Organic Petrology
«A Society for scientists and engineers involved with coal petrology, kerogen petrology, organic geochemistry and related disciplines.» Internacional
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
«The Vision of One SPE is to improve continually and to be the best in how the Society supports and interacts with members worldwide in fulfilling its mission of capturing and disseminating technical knowledge for the benefit of all members. This means that all elements of the Society will work together in a way that leverages volunteer efforts and creates greater value for the membership as a whole. One SPE provides vision and context for web sites, meetings, publications, knowledge capture, central services, new ideas, and specialties.» EEUU - inglés
Societá Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia (SIMP).
«La "Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia" (S.I.M.P.) fu fondata a Pavia il 12 Dicembre 1940 come " Società Mineralogica Italiana" (S.M.I.). Dal 1970 ha assunto il nome odierno. La S.I.M.P. è la rappresentante ufficiale dell' Italia per la mineralogia e i campi relativi a questa scienza. Ha delegati presso alcune Società internazionali come l' European Mineralogical Union (E.M.U.) e l' International Mineralogical Association (I.M.A.).» Italia
Southeastern Estuarine Research Society
«The Southeastern Estuarine Resarch Society (SEERS) is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to the informal exchange of interdisciplinary information related to estuaries of the southeastern United States.» EEUU - inglés
West Texas Geological Society
«Our foremost mission is to share information through monthly luncheon meetings, field trips, and publications. We also hold an annual symposium. To stay involved with the community, the West Texas Geology Foundation, our educational arm, sponsors teacher training programs, teacher awards, student scholarships, and special projects. Several annual social events, such as the skeet shoot and the Rockhound Golf Tournament, round out our repertoire.» EEUU - inglés

THE WORLD OF DIAMONDS

Diamond is carbon in its most concentrated form. Except for trace impurities like boron and nitrogen, diamond is composed solely of carbon, the chemical element that is fundamental to all life. But diamond is distinctly different from its close cousins the common mineral graphite and lonsdaleite, both of which are also composed of carbon. Why is diamond the hardest surface known while graphite is exceedingly soft? Why is diamond transparent while graphite is opaque and metallic black? What is it that makes diamond so unique?
The key to these questions lie in diamond's particular arrangement of carbon atoms or its crystal structure--the feature that defines any mineral's fundamental properties. A crystal is a solid body formed from the bonding of atomic elements or compounds in a repeating arrangement. Often, crystals possess smooth external faces. Due to their symmetrical and finite nature, the building blocks of crystals are limited to relatively small numbers of atoms, and their chemical composition.
This exhibition appeared at the Museum November 1, 1997 – August 30, 1998.It will be on display at the Midland Center for the Arts July 12 – November 3, 2002 -DIAMOND.
The mere mention of the word fills the mind with a multitude of concepts and images. Diamond is a mineral, a natural crystalline substance, the transparent form of pure carbon. Diamond is something superb, the peerless "king of gems" that glitters, dazzles, and symbolizes purity and strength. Diamond is for engagement and the 75th wedding anniversary, for a commitment to never-ending love. Diamond is indomitable, the hardest surface known. Diamond is exotic, formed in Earth's interior and shot to the surface by extraordinary volcanoes. A diamond is likely the oldest thing you will ever own, probably 3 billion years in age, fully two thirds the age of the Earth. Diamond is a strategic and high-tech supermaterial for our technological society. Diamond is a shape. This exhibition presents the fascinating story of the nature of diamonds. compositions to simple numerical combinations of elements.
Most diamonds consist of primeval carbon from Earth's mantle, but those from eclogites probably contain carbon recycled from the ocean crust by plate tectonics -- the carbon of microorganisms. How do we know? Carbon atoms occur in three different masses, or isotopes. Unlike high-temperature processes in deep Earth, low- temperature, biological processes, such as photosynthesis, are sensitive to the differences in mass, and actively sort different carbon isotopes. Thus, the ratios of carbon isotopes in organic materials -- plants, animals, and shells -- vary, and also differ from those in the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere and the oceans. Geochemists "read" the carbon isotopes in samples to interpret nature's record.
Virtually all carbon atoms, the ones in a diamond or a tree or you, came from the stars. Particularly at Earth's surface the proportions of 12C and 13C (the carbon isotopes of mass 12 and 13) get redistributed. Expressed as simple numbers in 13C notation -- in which larger numbers mean more 13C -- organic carbon has large negative values, average Earth has a mildly negative value, and the carbon in shells is near zero.
The narrow range of 13C values for harzburgitic diamonds in the histogram on the top resembles the range of average Earth, indicating that the mantle is the likely carbon source. The large range for eclogites suggests mixing of organic carbon (the strongly negative numbers), mantle carbon (mildly negative numbers), and shell-like carbon (values near zero). These data support recycling of once-living carbon from Earth's surface deep into the mantle to form diamond. When ocean floor slides into the mantle, the basaltic rock becomes eclogite, and organic carbon in sediments may become diamond.
Today diamonds are mined in about 25 countries, on every continent but Europe and Antarctica. However, only a few diamond deposits were known until the 20th century, when scientific understanding and technology extended diamond exploration and mining around the globe. For 1,000 years, starting in roughly the 4th century BCE, India was the only source of diamonds. In 1725, important sources were discovered in Brazil, and in the 1870s major finds in South Africa marked a dramatic increase in the diamond supply. Additional major producers now include several African countries, Siberian Russia, and Australia.
It is a modern misconception that the world's diamonds come primarily from South Africa: diamonds are a world-wide resource. The common characteristic of primary diamond deposits is the ancient terrain that hosts the kimberlite and lamproite pipes that bring diamonds to Earth's surface.

The map above shows both the major deposits and the ancient bedrock, both the 2,500-million-year-old archons and less productive 1,600 to 2,500-million-year-old protons, that contain the diamond pipes. The diamonds in secondary deposits have been moved by erosion away from the pipes. The monumental increase in diamond production in the 20th century is shown on this graph. India's maximum production, perhaps 50,000 to 100,000 carats annually in the 16th century, is very small by modern standards. Brazil and Venezuela are barely discernible compared to South African production following discoveries in 1867. For the most part, except for major wars and economic recessions, diamond production has been steadily increasing since then, with non-African sources growing in relative proportion. Major production is now dominated by Australia, Botswana, Russia, and Congo Republic (Zaire), but South Africa is still a major producer, in both volume and value.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Balfour, Ian (1992). Famous Diamonds, 2nd ed. N.A.G., Colchester, U.K.
Becker, Vivienne (1987). Antique and Twentieth Century Jewellery, 2nd ed. NAG Press, Colchester, U.K.
Blakey, G. G. (1977). The Diamond. Paddington Press, London.
Bruton, Eric (1978). Diamonds, 2nd ed. Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA.
Bury, S. (1978). Rings. Victoria & Albert Museum, London.
Cassedanne, J. P. (1989). "Diamonds in Brazil". Mineralogical Record, 20: 325-36. Chadour, B. (1994). Rings. Mainey, Leeds, UK.
Collins, A.T. (1982). "Colour centres in diamond". Journal of Gemmology, 18:37-75.
Collins, Wilkie (1967). The Moonstone. Pan Books, London (and other editions).
Cotter, J. F. (1990). "Immortal Diamond": An image in Hopkins. Thought 65:564.
Dalton, O. M. (1912). Catalogue of the Finger Rings in the British Museum. British Museum, London.
Davies, G. (1984). Diamond. Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol.
Davies, G. (1994). Properties and Growth of Diamond. INSPEC, Institute for Electrical Engineers, London.
Dawson, J. B. (1980). Kimberlites and Their Xenoliths. Springer-Verlag, New York.
De Berquen, R. (1661/1669). Les Merveilles des Indes orientales et occidentales, ou nouveau traite des pierres precieuses et perles, avec augmentation. Paris.
Dickinson, Joan Younger (1965). The Book of Diamonds. Avenel Books, New York.
Evans, Joan (1922). Magical Jewels of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Clarendon Press, Oxford (Dover Publications, New York, 1977).
Evans, Joan (1931). English Posies and Posy Rings. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Evans, Joan (1953). A History of Jewellery 1100-1870. London (Boston Book and Art, Boston, 1970).
Epstein, E. J. (1982) "Have you ever tried to sell a diamond?". The Atlantic Monthly, 249:23-34.
Field, J. E. (1992). The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond. Academic Press, London.
Finot, L. (1896). Les Lapidaires Indiens. Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris.
Gill, S., and Sutherland, J. (eds.) (1969). The Eustace Diamonds. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K.
Gorelick, L., and Gwinnett, A. J. (1988). "Diamonds from India to Rome and Beyond". American Journal of Archaeology 92: 547-52.
Gurney, J. J., Levinson, A. A., and Smith, H. S. (1991). "Marine mining of diamonds off the west coast of southern Africa". Gems & Gemology, 27: 206-19.
Hazen, Robert M. (1993). The New Alchemists. Times Books, Random House, New York. Hennelly, M. M., Jr. (1984). "Detecting Collins' Diamond: From Serpentstone to Moonstone". Nineteenth-Century Fiction 39:27.
Hobbes, J. (1991). "A simple approach to detecting diamond simulants". Gems & Gemology 17:20-33.
Janse, A. J. A. (1995). "A history of diamond sources in Africa: Part I". Gems & Gemology, 31: 228-55.
Janse, A. J. A. (1996). "A history of diamond sources in Africa: Part II". Gems & Gemology, 32: 2-30.
Kammerling, R. C., McClure, S. F., Johnson, M. L., Koivula, J. I., Moses, T. M., Fritsch, E., and Shigley, J. E. (1994). "An update on filled diamonds: Identification and durability". Gems & Gemology 30:142-77.
Kangle, R. P. (1972). The Kautiliya Arthasastra, 2nd ed. Bombay University (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1992).
King, C. W. (1865). The Natural History, Ancient and Modern, of Precious Stones and Gems. Bell & Daldy, London.
King, J. M., Moses, T. M., Shigley, J. E., and Liu, Y. (1994). "Color grading of colored diamonds in the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory". Gems & Gemology 30:220-42.
Kirkley, M. B., Gurney, J. J., and Levinson, A. A. (1991a). "Age, origin, and emplacement of diamonds: Scientific advances in the last decade". Gems & Gemology, 27:2-25.
Koivula, J. I., Kammerling, R. C., Fritsch, E., Fryer, C. W., Hargett, D., and Kane, R. E. (1989). "The characteristics and identification of filled diamonds". Gems & Gemology 25:68-83.
Krashes, Laurence S. (1993). Harry Winston: The Ultimate Jeweler. 4th ed., Harry Winston Inc., New York and the Gemological Institute of America, Santa Monica, CA.
Kunz, George F. (1916). Shakespeare and Precious Stones. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Kunz, George F. (1917). Rings. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
Kunz, George F. (1938). The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. Halcyon House, New York.
Laufer, B. (1915). The Diamond: A study in Chinese and Hellenistic Folk-lore. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, publication 184, Anthropological series vol. 15.
Legrand ,J. (1980). Diamonds. Myth, Magic and Reality. Crown Publishers, New York.
Lenzen, G. (1970). The History of Diamond Production and the Diamond Trade. Barrie & Jenkins, London. (English translation from the German, first published by Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin, 1966.)
Levinson, A. A., Gurney, J. J., and Kirkley, M. B. (1992). "Diamond sources and production: past, present, and future". Gems & Gemology, 28: 234-54.
Liddicoat, R.T. Jr. (1955). "Diamond selling practices". Gems & Gemology 8:165-71.
Lonoff, S. (1982). Wilkie Collins and His Victorian Readers: A Study in the Rhetoric of Authorship. AMS Press, New York.
Loring, John (1987). Tiffany's 150 Years. Doubleday, New York.
Mascetti, Daniela, and Triossi, Amanda (1996). Bulgari. Leonard Arte, Milan.
Mawe, John (1823). Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones, London.
Meen, V. B., and Tushingham, A. D. (1968). Crown Jewels of Iran. University of Toronto Press.
Misiorowski, E. B., and Hays, N. K. (1993). "Jewels of the Edwardians". Gems & Gemology 29:152-71.
Mitchell, R. H. (1995). Kimberlites, Orangeites, and Related Rocks. Plenum Press, New York, 410p.
Morel, Bernard (1988). The French Crown Jewels. Fonds Mercator, Antwerp.
Nadelhoffer, Hans (1984). Cartier: Jewelers Extraordinairy. Abrams, New York.
Nassau, Kurt (1980). Gems Made by Man. Chilton Book Co., Radnor, PA.
Nassau, Kurt (1994). Gemstone Enhancement. 2nd Ed., Butterworths, London.
Newman, H. (1981) An Illustrated Dictionary of Jewelry. Thames and Hudson, New York,
Nixon, P. H. (1987). Mantle Xenoliths. Wiley, New York.
Ohly, Friedrich (1976). Diamant und Bocksblut. Erich Schmidt, Berlin.
Pliny the Elder (1962). Historia naturalis [Natural History], with an English Translation in Ten Volumes, vol. 10, books 36-7, translated by D. E. Eicholz, T. E. Page et al. (eds.). William Heinemann, London.
Proddow, Penny, and Fasel, Marion (1996). Diamonds: A Century of Spectacular Jewels. Abrams, New York.
Proddow, Penny, and Healy, Debra (1987). American Jewelry: Glamour and Tradition. Rizzoli, New York.
Proddow, Penny, Healy, Debra and Fasel, Marion (1992). Hollywood Jewels: Movies, Jewelry, Stars. Abrams, New York.
Raulet, Sylvie (1987). Van Cleef & Arpels. Rizzoli, New York.
Robbins, Manuel (1994). Fluorescence: Gems and Minerals under Ultraviolet Light. Geoscience Press, Phoenix, AZ, USA. [Chapter 15 provides a detailed review of colored-diamond luminescence.]
Scarisbrick, Diana (1988). The Power of Love. Diamond Information Centre, London.
Scarisbrick, Diana (1993). Rings. Abrams, New York.
Scarisbrick, Diana (1994). Jewellery in Britain 1066-1837. Michael Russell, Norwich, UK.
Scarisbrick, Diana (1995). Chaumet: Master Jewellers Since 1780. Alain de Gourcuff Editeur, Paris.
Sevdermish, M., and Mashiah, A. (1996). The Dealer's Book of Gems and Diamonds, (2 vols.). Kal Printing House, Israel.
Shigley, J. E., Fritsch, E., Reinitz, I., and Moses, T. M. (1995). "A chart for the separation of natural and synthetic diamonds". Gems & Gemology 31:256-64.
Snowman, A. Kenneth (1990). The Master Jewelers. Abrams, New York.
Spencer, L. K., Dikinis, S. D., Keller, P. C., and Kane, R. E. (1988). "The diamond deposits of Kalimantan, Borneo". Gems & Gemology 24: 67-80.
Tillander, Herbert (1995). Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewellery 1381-1910. Arts Books International, London.
Trollope, A. The Eustace Diamonds.
Walgrave, Jan (ed.) (1993). A Sparkling Age. Antwerp Regional Diamond Museum, Antwerp.
Webster, R. (1994). Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification, 5th ed., revised by P. G. Read. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
Wilks, J. W., and Wilks, E. (1995). The Properties and Applications of Diamond. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA.
Williams, Gardner Fred (1906). Diamond Mines of South Africa. B. F. Buck & Co., New York.
Zapata, Janet (1991). "The Rediscovery of Paulding Farnham, Tiffany's Designer Extraordinaire Part I: The Jewelry". Antiques, 139:556-67.

USP- IAG - SISMICIDADE NA COSTA DO BRASIL

USP descarta tsunami, mas não novo tremor
O sismólogo Afonso Vasconcelos, da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), afirmou hoje que não está descartada a possibilidade de ocorrerem novos tremores de terra como o que foi registrado na noite de hoje em São Paulo. Ainda de acordo com o sismólogo, não há chances de ocorrer um tsunami. O epicentro do sismo ocorreu no mar, a cerca de 270 km a sudeste da cidade de São Paulo, por volta das 21h. O abalo foi sentido em todo o Estado e também no Rio, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina e no Paraná. As informações são da Globonews.
EFEITOS DA ÁGUA NO MEIO AMBIENTE
OS TSUNAMIS ; Devemos nos preocupar com estes fenômenos no Brasil?
Os tsunamis são ondas oceânicas que invadem o litoral, provocando destruição pelo tamanho das ondas e, principalmente, pelo grande volume de água que carregam, podendo invadir por quilômetros o litoral. Este se propaga para o litoral formando as ondas na arrebentação ao atingir a porção continental. As ondas aumentam de tamanho, devido à diminuição da velocidade de propagação provocada pela menor profundidade do assoalho oceânico.
Os tsunamis mais violentos são os provocados por terremotos que ocorrem nas zonas de subducção.
Mapa de sismicidade do Brasil de sismos ocorridos entre 1768 e 2002, mostrando o epicentro do sismo de magnitude mb 5,3 ocorrido em 1990, em frente ao litoral de Rio Grande do Sul que pode ter sido provocado por um deslizamento de sedimentos.
Um exemplo deste fenômeno é o ocorrido em Sumatra, em 26 de dezembro de
2004, quando morreram mais de 300.000 pessoas, entre Sumatra, nas ilhas e praias mais próximas do Oceano Índico. Uma zona de subducção é uma área de convergência de placas tectônicas, onde uma das placas desliza debaixo da outra. As zonas de subducção são potenciais focos sísmicos. Os terremotos de conseqüências mais devastadoras estão normalmente associados a este enquadramento geológico. A fricção das duas placas pode provocar a libertação repentina de enormes quantidades de energia, que resulta no terremoto. (fonte: http://pt.wikipedia.org/) Outro tsunami famoso, de interesse para os paises que rodeiam o Oceano Atlântico, é o que destruiu Lisboa em 1755, matando mais de 90.000 pessoas, um terço de sua população nessa época. O terremoto que provocou esse tsunami, com magnitude Mw 8,0, teve seu epicentro a
200 km a SW (sudoeste) de Lisboa. Depois do terremoto, houve um terrível incêndio que, após 40 minutos, foi seguido por um tsunami, que se repetiu mais três vezes. O terremoto de Lisboa ocorreu na Dorsal Azores-Gibraltar, onde se encontram as placas tectônicas da África e a Euro-asiática, provocando um processo de subducção motivo pelo
qual os terremotos nessa dorsal provocam deslocamentos verticais do assoalho oceânico, que originam os tsunamis.
A sismicidade existente no Oceano Atlântico, principalmente nas dorsais meso-oceânicas, é composta por sismos associados a falhas transcorrentes ou transformantes, que provoca deslocamentos horizontais do assoalho oceânico, com exceção da Dorsal Azores-Gibraltar e as zonas de subducção das micro-placas do Caribe que provocam pequenos tsunamis de
efeitos locais, e do Arco de Scotia, que não provocou até agora tsunamis conhecidos. De acordo com os mapas acima e aos tsunamis associados com os terremotos que ocorrem no Oceano Atlântico, a única fonte sísmica que poderia provocar tsunamis que possam afetar o Brasil, seriam os que ocorrem na Dorsal Açores-Gibraltar, como o de 1755 que afetou Lisboa
e cujas ondas chegaram ao litoral NE da América do Sul, com ondas de menos de 1 metro de altura. Outras fontes que provocam tsunamis são as erupçõesvulcânicas. A erupção vulcânica mais famosa, seguida por um tsunami, ocorreu no vulcão Kracatoa em 27 de agosto de 1883, localizado no estreito de Sunda que fica entre Sumatra e Java, na Indonésia, uns mil
quilômetros ao sul onde ocorreu o terremoto e tsunami de Sumatra de Dezembro de 2004. Nessa erupção dois terços da Ilha de Kracatoa foram submersos o que provocou o tsunami. Os efeitos do tsunami foram devastadores, ondas de até 37 m de altura destruíram em uma hora 295 cidades e povoados do Estreito de Sunda, matando mais de 37.000 pessoas A Ilha de Kracatoa, depois Emvermelho as partes do litoral do da erupção do vulcão. Estreito de Sunda afetadas pelo tsunami Na região das Antilhas, no Caribe, também existem alguns casos de tsunamis gerados por erupções vulcânicas, entretanto esses tsunamis provocam efeitos muito localizados e são mais
propensos de atingir a borda sul e sudeste da América do Norte. Esses tsunamis não atingiram o litoral do Brasil. Por outro lado existe a previsão da ocorrência de um provável tsunami que seria provocado
pela queda de um bloco de meio milhão de toneladas de uma das paredes do vulcão “Cumbre Vieja”, que está localizado na Ilha “La Palma” que faz parte do arquipélago Ilhas Canárias na borda NW da África
Segundo a previsão apresentada por Ward & Day (2001), a queda violenta desse imenso bloco no Oceano Atlântico que ocorreria, provavelmente, durante a próxima erupção desse
vulcão, provocaria uma onda gigantesca de 650 m de altura que chegaria em Europa e África
com 100 m de altura e na região leste de Estados Unidos e NE da América do Sul com ondas de 50 m de altura, viajando com velocidade de 700 km/h. Esse tsunami poderia atingir o
litoral da região NE, SE e Sul do Brasil com ondas de até 20 m de altura. Esta previsão não considerou o efeito de atenuação rápida no caso do tsunami provocado pela erupção do vulcão Krakatoa, conforme foi apresentado antes.
A Ilha “La Palma” com o vulcão “Cumbre Vieja” na porção sul dessa ilha. O bloco que desabaria e que provocaria o tsunami, está localizado no flanco SW desse vulcão. A modelagem efetuada por Mader (2001) de esse fenômeno, considera que o bloco SW do “CumbreVieja”, não cairia de forma violenta e sim por partes ou deslizaria, o que provocaria uma onda de no máximo 350 m de altura. Além disso, considerou a variação mais real da profundidade do fundo marinho assim como o fato de este tipo de tsunamis apresentar ondas
de alta freqüência, que se atenuam mais rapidamente, e concluiu que o tsunami atingiria Europa e África com ondas de 10 m (e não de 100 m, como na previsão anterior), chegaria na porção leste dos Estados Unidos, nas Antilhas e na região NE da América do Sul, com ondas de 3 m (e não 50 m, como na previsão anterior). No resto do litoral do Brasil, as ondas desse tsunami não passariam de mais de 2 m de altura As duas regiões com maior ocorrência de tsunamis são a Dorsal Açores – Gibraltar e as
Antilhas, inclusive nesta região tem ocorrido tsunamis provocados por terremotos e por erupções vulcânicas. Fora esses tsunamis, outras fontes importantes são os deslizamentos, provocados pela queda de grandes blocos de gelo, principalmente em Groenlândia e na
Noruega. Os casos de tsunamis associados a terremotos, com a ocorrência simultânea de deslizamentos de grandes quantidades de sedimentos,Nestes casos, se pensa que o terremoto provocou o deslizamento de sedimentos e que este, por sua vez, teria provocado o tsunami correspondente. Esses terremotos são de magnitude M 7,2
no caso dos sismos da região NE do Canadá e no caso do sismo de Uruguai, a magnitude calculada foi de M 7,0. Ambas regiões não apresentam altos índices de atividade sísmica, conseqüentemente, não tem como explicar a ocorrência desses sismos de magnitude elevada. Por outro lado em ambas regiões existe uma plataforma continental bastante extensa (O Grand Bank, no Canadá e a Baia do Rio da Plata, no Uruguai) maior que 200 km, o que permite o
acúmulo de grandes quantidades de sedimentos, que de tempo em tempo deslizam para a região abissal provocando terremotos de grande magnitude e tsunamis, com ondas de até 15 m, porém de pequeno comprimento de onda, motivo pelo qual essas ondas são atenuadas rapidamente e os efeitos do tsunami são percebidos com maior tamanho em regiões relativamente limitadas, como é o caso do tsunami ocorrido no Grand Bank , Canadá, em novembro 18, de 1929.
Os epicentros dos sismos ocorridos junto com os tsunamis do Grand Bank, em 1774, e do Uruguai, em 1884, aparecem nos locais em que os tsunamis foram mais destrutivos, e não nos locais onde ocorreram os deslizamentos, como é o caso do epicentro do sismo de novembro 1929 ocorrido no Grand Bank, que foi localizado com dados de estações sismográficas no local onde ocorreu o deslizamento de sedimentos, na borda da plataforma continental. A quantidade de material deslizado no tsunami do Grand Bank de 1929, foi estimada em
quase um trilhão de toneladas de sedimentos, que provocou o sismo de magnitude M 7,2 e
que causou a morte de 28 pessoas. O tsunami de 1884, na mesma região provocou a morte de
300 pessoas, o que nos leva a pensar que teria sido maior que o ocorrido em 1929, 150 anos
antes, para poder justificar esse número maior de mortes. Ou seja a quantidade de material
deslizado em 1774 pode ter sido superior a um trilhão de toneladas. Essas informações sobre os tsunamis provocados por grandes deslizamentos, nos indicam que
o provável tsunami que pode ser originado durante a próxima erupção do vulcão “Cumbre
Vieja”, nas Ilhas Canárias, deverá ter características semelhantes aos deslizamentos do Grand
Bank de 1929 ou de 1774, que deslocaram uma quantidade de massa muito maior, que provocaram terremotos com magnitude M 7,2, mas que o tsunami resultante desses deslizamentos tiveram um efeito localizado, sem atingir distâncias transoceânicas com ondas
de altura considerável, a não ser pequenas oscilações registradas por mareógrafos no outro extremo do Oceano Atlântico.
Como conclusão podemos inferir que o tsunami que poderia atingir com severidade o litoral do Brasil, não será originado na dorsal Açores Gibraltar, nem nas zonas de subdução das Antilhas ou do Arco de Scotia, nem na erupção do vulcão “Cumbre Vieja”. Seria um tsunami, como o ocorrido no Uruguai em 1884, que poderá ser provocado por um gigantesco deslizamento de grande quantidade de sedimentos depositados na plataforma continental do Brasil. Mapa de sismicidade do Brasil de sismos ocorridos entre 1768 e 2002, mostrando o epicentro do sismo de magnitude mb 5,3 ocorrido em 1990, em frente ao litoral de Rio Grande do Sul (assinalado com uma seta branca), que pode ter sido provocado por um deslizamento de sedimentos. Na Fig.se mostra o mapa de sismicidade do Brasil onde se assinala um sismo de
magnitude mb 5,3ocorrido em 1990 em frente ao litoral do Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, que provavelmente teria sido provocado por um deslizamento de sedimentos depositados na plataforma continental, como que ocorreu em 1884 na Baia do “Rio de La Plata” no Uruguai, porém de menores dimensões que não chegaram a provocar um tsunami, tendo em vista que o sismo do Uruguai teve magnitude M 7,0 e que o tsunami originado por esse deslizamento chegou a matar algumas pessoas. Podemos observar no mapa da Fig. 13 que existem outros sismos de menor magnitude localizados na borda da plataforma continental, principalmente em frente à região Sudeste do Brasil, que podem corresponder a sismos provocados por deslizamentos de menor tamanho que o que teria provocado o sismo de 1990 em frente ao litoral de Rio Grande do Sul. A plataforma continental do Brasil, com exceção da existente no Cone Amazônico, não é tão extensa como a do Grand Bank no Canadá, ou a da Baia do “Rio de La Plata” no Uruguai, por esse motivo provavelmente não será possível que sejam acumuladas quantidades gigantescas de sedimentos que possam deslizar e provocar terremotos de magnitude M 7,0 ou maior e tsunamis que afetem o nosso litoral.
São Paulo, outubro de 2005

GUIA DO MINERADOR - ÍNDICE GERAL - COMISSÃO DE ÉTICA

Comissão de Ética - Sobre a Comissão
MINISTÉRIO DE MINAS E ENERGIADEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE PRODUÇÃO MINERAL
Portaria nº 072, de 30 de Março de 2006
O DIRETOR DO DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE PRODUÇÃO MINERAL – DNPM, no uso da competência que lhe confere o Decreto nº 4.640, de 21 de março de 2003 e a Portaria nº 385, de 13 de agosto de 2003, publicada no DOU de 14 seguinte, resolve:
I - Designar os servidores LIANE MARIA PEREIRA DA COSTA INKOTTE, PAULO JAIME SOUZA ALHEIROS E JOSÉ ANTONIO ALVES DOS SANTOS, pelo prazo de 24 meses, para sob a presidência da primeira, constituírem a Comissão de Ética Pública, com o objetivo de atuar como entre a Instituição e a Comissão de Ética Pública, supervisionar a observância do código de ética profissional do servidor público e promover a adoção das normas de conduta ética específica, no âmbito deste Departamento.
II - Esta Portaria entra em vigor na data de sua publicação.
MIGUEL ANTONIO CEDRAZ NERY

GUIA DO MINERADOR
Informações Básicas
Propriedade dos Recursos Minerais
Direito de Prioridade
Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral
Regimes de Aproveitamento
Regimes de Autorização e de Concessão
Objetivo
Campo de Aplicação
Áreas Máximas
Requerimento de Pesquisa
Autorização de Pesquisa
Relatório dos Trabalhos de Pesquisa
Guia de Utilização
Requerimento de Lavra
Portaria de Lavra
Regime de Licenciamento
Objetivo
Campo de Aplicação
Áreas Máximas
Requerimento de Registro de Licença
Registro de Licença
Regime de Extração
Objetivo
Campo de Aplicação
Áreas Máximas
Requerimento de Registro de Extração
Declaração de Registro
Regime de Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira
Objetivo
Campo de Aplicação
Áreas Máximas
Requerimento de Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira
Condições de Outorga
Licenciamento Ambiental
Licenciamento Ambiental nos Regimes de Autorizações e Concessões
Licenciamento Ambiental no Regime de Licenciamento
DNPM - 4° Distrito - Pernambuco
Compilado por: Adhelbar Queiroz Filho Editado por: Clóvis Ático Lima Filho

Legislação MineralÍndice Remissivo

Água Mineral
Autorização de Pesquisa
CFEM
Concessão de Lavra
D.N.P.M.
Direitos Minerários - Cessão
Direitos Minerários - Transferência
Disponibilidade
Guia de Utilização
Licenciamento
Meio-Ambiente
Permissão de Lavra
RAL - Relatório Anual de Lavra
Regime de Extração
Regimes de Aproveitamento
Sanções e Nulidades
TAH - Taxa Anual por Hectare